History of China
Dynasties of China
Chinese historians have traditionally begun their stories in Chinese history with the Yellow Emperor (黄帝; pinyin: Huang Di), mythical ruler of civilization and the founding of the Xia Dynasty (夏朝; Pinyin: Xia Chao) by Yu the Great (大禹; pinyin: Da Yu), the twenty-first century BC. AD This dynasty is considered legendary, although some Chinese historians are based on the discovery of a site Erlitou archaeological (二 里头; pinyin: Er Litou, dated 1900-1350 BC.) to support its historic character. From this period dates the beginning of metallurgy is the beginning of the Bronze Age China. This is also the period that the oldest date back tortoise shell marked signs and decorated pottery.China
It is followed by the Shang Dynasty (商朝; pinyin: Shang Chao) (about the sixteenth century BC. - 1045 BC.), Which occupied the middle valley Yellow River (黄河; pinyin: Huang He). Discoveries Archaeological prove the existence of at least the Shang Dynasty. Shang China had an advanced culture, somewhat different from the later Chinese civilization, with cities, palaces, writing, divination, bronze metallurgy (especially in the manufacturing dishes of sacrifice) and the use of tanks. Archaeological excavations and inscriptions on bronze objects give an idea of the Shang society. A royal family is at the pinnacle of a social hierarchy clan, with leaders who perpetuate the lineage of family worship. The Shang
practiced divination using animal bones burned scapulimancy or (most often tortoise shells), which we interpreted the cracks, and which bear inscriptions of divination. This archaic writing demonstrates an extraordinary continuity to the current Chinese characters.
It is now known that the Shang were in contact with an Indo-European, the Tocharians, the Chinese called the Quanrong (or dog-rong). Warrior character, they were conducting frequent incursions into China. It is they who have brought the car in China. Chinese mythology, as told in the texts of the Han dynasty, was influenced by mythology Tokharian.
Map of the territory of the Zhou Dynasty
the second millennium BC. BC, a second culture begins to emerge in the Wei River Valley (渭河; pinyin: Wei He), the Zhou (周朝; Pinyin: Zhou Chao). In the eleventh century BC. BC, the Zhou overthrew the Shang. Their dynasty was the first for which there is reliable historical tradition. She seems to have begun to govern through a system of centralized bureaucracy. The kings are called Tianzi ("son of Heaven"), which legitimizes their power by a heavenly mandate. This design continued until the end of the Chinese Empire in the early twentieth century. Zhou rulers entrust the administration of certain territories to families linked to the royal house. These principalities are called guo, which translated as "stronghold". Some historians have called the feudal system, while others oppose this designation, which extends over the meaning of feudal and involves the European feudal system of the similarities do not exist.
The Zhou Period is traditionally divided into two periods: the Western Zhou (1045-770 BC.) And Eastern Zhou (770-256 BC.), According location of their capital.
In the 10th century, the Western Zhou establish a system to garrison headed by members of the royal family to control inside the country. The allegiance of these lords is continually reaffirmed by presents and visits based on the model imposed by the family hierarchy. But centuries from relations with the central government are increasingly remote, local traditions take precedence over family traditions, making the influence of the symbolic head of the family, the King of Zhou, more puppet.
barbaric attacks in North and West, ranging up to rob the capital of Western Zhou, forcing the royal family -771 fold in Luoyang, the eastern capital (Eastern Zhou period). This last period, characterized by the decline of royal power, is more or less with two periods called "Spring and Autumn Period (春秋 时代; pinyin: Dai Shi Chun Qiu) and Warring States (战国 / 战国; pinyin : Zhan Guo). China
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